by Robert M Edinburgh, Aaron Hengist, Harry A Smith, Rebecca L Travers, James A Betts, Dylan Thompson, Jean-Philippe Walhin, Gareth A Wallis, D Lee Hamilton, Emma J Stevenson, Kevin D Tipton and Javier T Gonzalez
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: At rest, omission of breakfast lowers daily energy intake, but also lowers energy expenditure, attenuating any effect on energy balance. The effect of breakfast omission on energy balance when exercise is prescribed is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect on 24-h energy balance of omitting compared with consuming breakfast prior to exercise. METHODS: Twelve healthy physically active young men (age 23 $\pm$ 3 y, body mass index 23.6 $\pm$ 2.0 kg/m2) completed 3 trials in a randomized order (separated by >1 week): a breakfast of oats and milk (431 kcal; 65 g carbohydrate, 11 g fat, 19 g protein) followed by rest (BR); breakfast before exercise (BE; 60 min cycling at 50 % peak power output); and overnight fasting before exercise (FE). The 24-h energy intake was calculated based on the food consumed for breakfast, followed by an ad libitum lunch, snacks, and dinner. Indirect calorimetry with heart-rate accelerometry was used to measure substrate utilization and 24-h energy expenditure. A [6,6-2H2]glucose infusion was used to investigate tissue-specific carbohydrate utilization. RESULTS: The 24-h energy balance was -400 kcal (normalized 95% CI: -230, -571 kcal) for the FE trial; this was significantly lower than both the BR trial (492 kcal; normalized 95% CI: 332, 652 kcal) and the BE trial (7 kcal; normalized 95% CI: -153, 177 kcal; both P < 0.01 compared with FE). Plasma glucose utilization in FE (mainly representing liver glucose utilization) was positively correlated with energy intake compensation at lunch (r = 0.62, P = 0.03), suggesting liver carbohydrate plays a role in postexercise energy-balance regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Neither exercise energy expenditure nor restricted energy intake via breakfast omission were completely compensated for postexercise. In healthy men, pre-exercise breakfast omission creates a more negative daily energy balance and could therefore be a useful strategy to induce a short-term energy deficit. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02258399.
Reference:
Skipping Breakfast Before Exercise Creates a More Negative 24-hour Energy Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Physically Active Young Men. (Robert M Edinburgh, Aaron Hengist, Harry A Smith, Rebecca L Travers, James A Betts, Dylan Thompson, Jean-Philippe Walhin, Gareth A Wallis, D Lee Hamilton, Emma J Stevenson, Kevin D Tipton and Javier T Gonzalez), In J Nutr, volume 149, 2019.
Bibtex Entry:
@article{Edinburgh:2019aa,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: At rest, omission of breakfast lowers daily energy intake, but also lowers energy expenditure, attenuating any effect on energy balance. The effect of breakfast omission on energy balance when exercise is prescribed is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect on 24-h energy balance of omitting compared with consuming breakfast prior to exercise. METHODS: Twelve healthy physically active young men (age 23 $\pm$ 3 y, body mass index 23.6 $\pm$ 2.0 kg/m2) completed 3 trials in a randomized order (separated by >1 week): a breakfast of oats and milk (431 kcal; 65 g carbohydrate, 11 g fat, 19 g protein) followed by rest (BR); breakfast before exercise (BE; 60 min cycling at 50 % peak power output); and overnight fasting before exercise (FE). The 24-h energy intake was calculated based on the food consumed for breakfast, followed by an ad libitum lunch, snacks, and dinner. Indirect calorimetry with heart-rate accelerometry was used to measure substrate utilization and 24-h energy expenditure. A [6,6-2H2]glucose infusion was used to investigate tissue-specific carbohydrate utilization. RESULTS: The 24-h energy balance was -400 kcal (normalized 95% CI: -230, -571 kcal) for the FE trial; this was significantly lower than both the BR trial (492 kcal; normalized 95% CI: 332, 652 kcal) and the BE trial (7 kcal; normalized 95% CI: -153, 177 kcal; both P < 0.01 compared with FE). Plasma glucose utilization in FE (mainly representing liver glucose utilization) was positively correlated with energy intake compensation at lunch (r = 0.62, P = 0.03), suggesting liver carbohydrate plays a role in postexercise energy-balance regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Neither exercise energy expenditure nor restricted energy intake via breakfast omission were completely compensated for postexercise. In healthy men, pre-exercise breakfast omission creates a more negative daily energy balance and could therefore be a useful strategy to induce a short-term energy deficit. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02258399.},
address = {Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, Australia.; Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.; Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.},
author = {Edinburgh, Robert M and Hengist, Aaron and Smith, Harry A and Travers, Rebecca L and Betts, James A and Thompson, Dylan and Walhin, Jean-Philippe and Wallis, Gareth A and Hamilton, D Lee and Stevenson, Emma J and Tipton, Kevin D and Gonzalez, Javier T},
cin = {J Nutr. 2019 Aug 1;149(8):1305-1306. PMID: 31188453},
copyright = {Copyright {\copyright}American Society for Nutrition 2019.},
crdt = {2019/07/20 06:00},
date = {2019 Aug 1},
date-added = {2023-01-02 19:32:44 +0000},
date-modified = {2023-01-08 12:26:37 +0000},
dcom = {20200406},
doi = {10.1093/jn/nxz018},
edat = {2019/07/20 06:00},
gr = {BB/R018928/1/BB{\_}/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/P002927/1/MRC{\_}/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom},
issn = {1541-6100 (Electronic); 0022-3166 (Print); 0022-3166 (Linking)},
jid = {0404243},
journal = {J Nutr},
jt = {The Journal of nutrition},
keywords = {Breakfast; Carbohydrates; Exercise; Energy; Fasting},
language = {eng},
lid = {10.1093/jn/nxz018 {$[$}doi{$]$}},
lr = {20200408},
mh = {Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism; Energy Intake; *Energy Metabolism; *Exercise; *Fasting; Fibroblast Growth Factors/blood; Glucose/metabolism; Humans; Leptin/blood; Liver/metabolism; Male; *Meals; Young Adult},
mhda = {2020/04/09 06:00},
month = {Aug},
number = {8},
oto = {NOTNLM},
own = {NLM},
pages = {1326--1334},
phst = {2018/09/04 00:00 {$[$}received{$]$}; 2018/11/02 00:00 {$[$}revised{$]$}; 2019/01/23 00:00 {$[$}accepted{$]$}; 2019/07/20 06:00 {$[$}pubmed{$]$}; 2020/04/09 06:00 {$[$}medline{$]$}; 2019/07/20 06:00 {$[$}entrez{$]$}},
pii = {5440571; nxz018},
pl = {United States},
pmc = {PMC6675614},
pmid = {31321428},
pst = {ppublish},
pt = {Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
rn = {0 (Dietary Carbohydrates); 0 (Leptin); 0 (fibroblast growth factor 21); 62031-54-3 (Fibroblast Growth Factors); IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)},
sb = {IM},
si = {ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02258399},
status = {MEDLINE},
title = {Skipping Breakfast Before Exercise Creates a More Negative 24-hour Energy Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Physically Active Young Men.},
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volume = {149},
year = {2019},
bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz018},
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